Minecraft Guides

89 deep dives into how Minecraft actually works — the exact numbers, formulas and file formats behind the tools.

Commands & Data 38 guides

/attribute: base value versus modifiers, and why yours keeps resettingSetting a base value is permanent and setting a modifier is not — unless you pick the wrong operation. The three…/execute: why as/at order matters and how store actually worksMost broken execute chains come from confusing who runs the command with where it runs. Here is what each subcommand…/fill and /clone: the 32,768 block limit and the modes that get around itBoth commands cap at 32,768 blocks per call and fail silently past it. Here are the hollow, outline and replace…/particle: what delta and speed really mean, and the count=0 trickThe four numbers after the position are not a direction. Here is what delta and speed do, why count=0 behaves…/summon with NBT: equipment, attributes and the tags that make a mob behaveSummoning a mob is one word. Making it keep its gear, not despawn, not burn and not wander off takes six specific…/tellraw JSON text: clickEvent, hoverEvent and why your message shows nothingA single wrong bracket makes tellraw fail silently. Here is the component shape, the click and hover actions that…/worldborder has ten forms, and only two of them animateset and add take an optional time argument that shrinks the border gradually; the other eight are instant. Plus what…1,585 recipes and 794 tags: stonecutting is a fifth of them, and one tag holds 417 blocks26.2 ships 21 recipe types, and crafting is not as dominant as it feels. On the tag side, mineable/pickaxe alone…A .nbt structure stores palette indexes, not block names — which is why it is so smallThree keys hold an entire build: size, palette and blocks. Each block is an integer pointing into the palette, so a…A custom head stores a URL wrapped in base64 JSON, not an imageThe profile component holds base64 of {textures:{SKIN:{url:…}}}. That is why a head's look is fixed at the moment it…A Minecraft username is 1–16 characters of exactly three things, and a UUID has two spellingsLetters, digits, underscore. No hyphens, no dots, no spaces. And a UUID is accepted with or without its dashes —…A predicate with one condition has no wrapper, and that is a real shape changeOne condition is the object itself. Two or more get wrapped in all_of or any_of. Plus the eight condition types, and…Block, item and entity ids: namespaces, block states, and the ones that differAn id is not always what the item is called, and a block id is not the same as its item id. The naming rules, the…Bossbars and titles: persistent state, timings, and the value/max splitA bossbar survives restarts and a title does not. Here is the create-then-modify pattern, the fade timings people…Camera cutscenes without a mod: keyframes, interpolation and spectator tricksTwo ways to move a camera in vanilla — a ticking teleport function, or the timeline registry. What each is good for,…Colour and formatting codes: § codes, hex, and where each one still worksSection-sign codes still work in some places and are ignored in others. Here is the full table, the hex syntax that…Custom enchantments without mods: the data-driven enchantment formatEnchantments became datapack JSON, so a custom one needs no mod. Here is the file shape, the effect components that…Custom recipes: shaped, shapeless, and using tags instead of listing every woodA shaped recipe that will not craft usually has its key wrong or its pattern padded. Here is the JSON, the tag trick…Damage types: which 19 ignore armour, and why shields are the weaker guard26.2 ships 51 damage types. 19 bypass armour, 30 bypass shields, and the overlap is not what people assume — every…Dialog screens: building real menus without a modDatapack dialogs give you a proper window with inputs and buttons. Here is the JSON shape, how a button runs a…Enchantment conflicts: only 18 of 43 conflict with anything, and six do most of it26.2 ships 43 enchantments. 25 conflict with nothing at all, level 3 is the most common cap, and Curse of Vanishing…Loot tables: pools, rolls and the difference between entries and functionsA loot table that drops nothing usually has its weights or its conditions in the wrong layer. Here is what each…Negative coordinates break chunk maths in two places, not oneTruncating division puts block −1 in chunk 0 instead of −1, and a plain % gives an in-chunk offset of −1 instead of…Ominous Bottles and Bad Omen I–V: what each level actually changesBad Omen no longer starts raids on its own. Here is what the five Ominous Bottle levels do to trial chambers and…Ominous trial spawners: the loot changes, the spawn counts mostly do not26.2 ships 28 trial spawner configs as 14 normal/ominous pairs. All 14 ominous ones carry a loot table and none of…Player heads by username: how the profile component works and why heads go blankA head stores a skin snapshot, not a live link. Here is the profile component, why an old head shows the wrong skin,…Potions cover 19 of 40 effects — and four potions are not named after what they do21 status effects have no potion at all. Swiftness gives Speed, Leaping gives Jump Boost, Healing gives Instant…Scoreboards: the criteria that track things automatically, and display slotsMost scoreboard tutorials only use dummy. The built-in criteria track deaths, blocks mined and custom stats with no…Six version options, four world generators — three of them are the same world26.1, 26.2 and 26.x all resolve to one generator, so a seed gives identical terrain in all three. But 1.21.0 and…Spawn eggs cover 88 of 158 entities — and exactly three real mobs have none70 entity types have no spawn egg, but 65 of those are boats, projectiles and display entities. Only Giant,…The /give command after data components: what replaced NBT tags1.20.5 replaced item NBT with data components, and most /give snippets online are still written the old way. Here is…The advancement tree: 126 advancements, and Story has no challenges at allAdventure holds 47 of the 126 and the End just 9. 70 are dead ends, the longest chain is 8 deep, and the Story tab…The extension does not tell you the schematic format — 31 of 33 .schematic files were something else's guessFive formats, four different ways of packing blocks, and .schematic is shared by two of them. Sniffing the NBT root…The gamerules worth changing — and the defaults people get wrongThere are over 40 gamerules and most guides list them without saying which matter. Here are the ones that change how…The Wandering Trader: 97 offers, but it will only buy from you 12 times91 of its 97 trades cost emeralds and just 6 earn them — and every one of those six is capped at 2 uses. It is the…Villager trades by tier: Expert has the most, Master has the fewest291 villager trades across 15 professions in 26.2. Level 4 carries 93 of them and level 5 only 27 — and there are…Why Minecraft says "Too Expensive!" — and the anvil order that avoids itThe prior-work penalty doubles every time you touch an anvil. Here is the rule behind it, and how to sequence…World generation changed twice since 1.20, at 1.21.2 and 1.21.4 — and not sinceThe four generator ranges, spelled out. Everything from 1.21.4 through 26.2 shares one generator, so a seed checked…

Building & Resources 42 guides

/locate: finding structures, biomes and why it sometimes says nothing is nearbylocate searches a bounded radius and gives up rather than looking forever. Here is the difference between structure,…34 structures: seven are ruined portals, and 23 do not fit the terrain at allStronghold spawns in 55 biomes and each village variant in exactly one. Only 11 of the 34 structures adapt to the…A Bedrock skin pack is four files, and two of its failure modes are silentTwo UUIDs that must differ, a lang file that is not optional, and skin keys that strip punctuation — so 'My Skin!'…A cape texture is 2,048 pixels and only 372 of them are ever drawnThe file is 64×32, the cape lives in a 22×17 corner, and the side people actually see is 160 pixels — under 8% of…A map pixel is one byte, and two of its bits are brightness61 base colours × 4 shades = 244 colours from a 16,384-byte array. Only one of the four shades is the block's real…A trimmed armour set has 1.57 billion possible appearances, which is why the lock button exists199 states per slot to the fourth power. Rerolling all four at once will never converge on a look — locking the…Alternating rows grow twice as fast as a solid field — the formula says soMoist alternating rows give a 1-in-3 growth roll; a dry solid field gives 1-in-13. Planting every block halves your…Armour maths: why 20 armour points is not 80% reductionThe armour formula includes toughness and the attack's armour-piercing. Here is the real equation, what Protection…Banner patterns: the six-layer limit, loom order, and copying a designA loom allows six layers but a give command allows more. Here is how layers stack, which patterns need a banner…Beacon pyramids: blocks needed per level, real range, and tinting the beamA level 4 beacon costs 164 blocks and reaches 50 blocks, not 64. Here are the exact counts per tier, what each level…Bedrock has no standalone cape pack — a cape only ships attached to a skinThere is no cape-only .mcpack format. Every cape must be paired with a skin entry that names it, which is why a cape…Best Y level for every ore after the world height changeDiamonds are not at Y=11 any more. Each ore now has a triangular distribution with its own peak, and a few have a…Biome temperature decides rain, snow or nothing — and 18 biomes get no weather at all66 biomes in 26.2. Every biome at temperature 2.0 is dry, all six remaining dry ones are in the End, and only 10…Biomes are 3D now: why the biome under your feet is not the one on the surfaceCave biomes generate independently of the surface, which changes mob spawns, water colour and where structures…Breeding food: 17 of the 31 mobs accept exactly one item, and bees accept 29Minecraft defines breeding food as tags. Over half the mobs take a single item, horses and wolves take eight, and…Comparator signal strength from containers: the formula and the stack-size trapA chest with one item outputs signal 1, but so does a chest with sixty-three. The formula explains why, and why…Custom model data: giving one item many models without replacing anythingThe item-model system replaced the old CustomModelData predicate. Here is the folder layout, the JSON that maps…Custom paintings and discs need two packs, and installing one of them is the usual failureThe datapack registers the content; the resource pack supplies the texture and the sound. Datapack alone and it…Custom paintings and music discs without replacing the originalsBoth became datapack registries, so you can add new ones instead of overwriting vanilla. Here are the two files each…Decorated pots: all 23 sherds, where each one digs up, and the give commandA pot takes four sherds, one per face, and the order you place them decides which face gets which. Where every sherd…Eighteen trim patterns, fourteen places, and only one that drops from a mobTrail Ruins gives four of the eighteen. Tide is the only pattern that is not loot. And duplicating a template is a…Finding a stronghold with two Eye of Ender throwsTriangulation works with two throws, not six eyes of guesswork. Here is the technique, the two mistakes that make it…Fourteen items have exactly one way in, and three have a way that exists only for themNether Star is the only Boss Drop, Dragon Egg the only One-Time item, Command Block the only unobtainable one. Plus…Gold is the fastest tool in Minecraft, and netherite is only 12% faster than diamondTool speed multipliers run 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 — and gold sits at 12, above netherite. The upgrade you grind for is the…Hiding and resizing HUD elements with a resource packThe hotbar, crosshair and XP bar all live in one texture atlas. Here is how to make parts of it invisible, what…Horse breeding: two perfect parents still cannot guarantee a perfect foalThe foal centres on the parents' midpoint, but the spread carries a floor of 0.3 × the stat range no matter how…Map art: why your image looks wrong, and the 3-shade trick that fixes itMaps have 61 base colours, not 16 million — but each has four shades set by block height. Staircasing triples your…Nether portals that link where you want them to — the 1:8 rule in practicePortals do not pair by coordinates alone. Here is the search box the game actually checks, why your portal keeps…Only the head is a cube — every other papercraft part is three different rectanglesSix parts, 36 faces, 1,632 square skin-pixels of paper. The head's six faces are identical; the body's come in three…Painting sizes: 34 of the 51 are square, and only 5 are taller than they are wide51 paintings across 9 sizes, needing 321 blocks of wall to hang them all. A 1-wide, 2-tall gap fits exactly three of…Recipe yields round up, so a crafting cost is never just multiplicationPaper makes 3 per craft. Needing 4 costs you 6 sugar cane and leaves 2 paper spare. Every level of a recipe tree…Recolouring the sky is six files — and all eight moon phases are one of themA sky pack replaces sun.png, moon_phases.png, clouds.png, rain.png, snow.png and end_sky.png at exact sizes. The…Replacing sounds with a resource pack: sounds.json and the .ogg requirementMinecraft only plays Ogg Vorbis, and a sound event is not a file. Here is the mapping file, how to add a sound…Slim or classic is decided by 24 pixels, and you can see exactly which onesA skin is slim if fewer than 6 of the 24 pixels at (46,20)–(47,31) are opaque. Plus the full UV map, why legacy…Switching skin editions reloads the page, and that is the correct designJava's editor is built around 64 and Bedrock's around 128. The constant is baked in, so the two cannot hand each…Three gunpowder is not three times one gunpowder — it is 1.67×A rocket's boost is 10 × (2 + flight duration) ticks, and that free +2 is why tripling the gunpowder only adds two…Three resource-pack texture paths are flat. The mob one nests, and that is the least of itItems, blocks and paintings live one file deep. Mobs live in a folder named after themselves — and for most mobs…Tool tiers: only 94 blocks care, gold is exactly as limited as wood, and copper is stoneOf every block in Minecraft, 94 require a tool tier at all — and just 5 need diamond. Gold and wooden tools are…Torch spacing for spawn-proofing: the exact number, not a guessHostile mobs need block light 0. Torches emit light 14 and lose 1 per block. That gives a precise grid — and a…Trial chambers: making spawners ominous and what the vaults actually dropOminous vaults hold the Mace and Heavy Core, but only if you make the chamber ominous first. Here is the sequence,…Why your mob farm is slow: spawn caps, not spawn ratesMobs stop spawning because the cap is full of something else, somewhere else. Here is how the per-category cap…XP levels and total experience: the three formulas and what a death costsLevels are not linear — level 30 is 1,395 XP but level 60 is 6,720. Here are the piecewise formulas, what you keep…

Servers & Performance 4 guides

Aikar's flags change at 12 GB — five of them, and one goes downCopying a 4 GB flag set onto a 16 GB server leaves five values wrong. Here is exactly which five, plus the player…server-icon.png: the exact requirements, and the management API nobody uses64x64, PNG, at the server root — get any of the three wrong and the icon silently does not appear. Plus the JSON-RPC…server.properties: the settings that change performance, and the ones that do nothingview-distance and simulation-distance are not the same lever, and one of them is where your TPS goes. What each…Whitelist, ban and op: the server commands that behave differently than you expectWhitelisting does not kick players already online, /ban needs a reason to be useful, and op level matters more than…

Troubleshooting 5 guides

454 splash texts, 453 unique — and the one duplicate is "Déjà vu!"Minecraft ships 454 splashes. Exactly one appears twice, and it is the joke you would pick. 407 end in an…Converting .mrpack to a normal modpack zip — and why extractors failA .mrpack is a manifest, not an archive of mods. Unzipping it gives you a JSON file and no jars. Here is what is…Datapack not loading? The folder structure and the three names that must matchA datapack that does not appear in /datapack list has a path problem, not a code problem. Here is the exact tree,…pack.mcmeta: pack_format numbers and the "incompatible" warningOne wrong integer makes Minecraft grey out your pack. Here is the format-to-version mapping, the supported_formats…Reading level.dat: hardcore status, spawn point and what you can actually fixA hardcore death is one boolean in level.dat. Here is what the file holds, what a corrupted save looks like, and the…

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